Browsing by Author "Wise, Carol"

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De la apatía a la vigilancia: la política del desarrollo energético en el Perú
(Universidad del Pacífico. Centro de Investigación, 2005) Wise, Carol
The Peruvian government's lack of commitment in promoting the development of energy projects between 1935 and 1990 resulted in budget deficits and a scarcity of priva te investment in that sector. In the 1990s, this situation started to change. The threshold level was based on new legal agreements. This paper studies the interactions between the Peruvian government, firms and the international institutions in developing the energy market by means of oil and gas exploitation of oil and gas and improved quality services in the electricity sector. The paper also focuses on the quality of management capacities at different levels of government (central and local). lt illustrates the steps taken by the Fujimori government to strike a balance between energy sector management and privatization. To this end, regulatory policies were introduced to establish a climate of confidence between firms and consumers. Furthermore, policies were introduced to protect indigenous communities to forestal! actions that might be harmful to these people when prívate firms began to exploit natural resources in these areas.
Tratados de libre comercio al estilo chino: los TLC Chile-China y Perú-China
(Universidad del Pacífico. Centro de Investigación, 2012) Wise, Carol
Chinese-style FTAs in South America have proved to be unique in three respects: first, due to China’s continued classification as a non-market developing economy at the World Trade Organization (WTO), the Chile-China and Peru-China FTAs technically classify as South-South deals. Yet, the nature of exchange between China and these two South American countries is based on a traditional pattern of comparative advantage more akin to North-Southtrade relations at the turn of the 20th century whereby these South American countries export primary goods to China and import manufactures back. In contrast, today’s North-South deals are oriented more toward market access for manufactured goods and the implementation of new rules in the realm of services, investment, and intellectual property. Second, it was this more traditional pattern of exchange, and China’s thirst for the mineral commodities that Chile and Peru hold in abundance, that dictated the terms of both ofthese FTAs from the Chinese angle. Third, in order to secure the supply of these commodities China readily conceded to numerous market access restrictions within both FTAs. This analysis suggests that both Chile and Peru entered these negotiations in search of greater non-mining foreign direct investment (FDI) from China and to increase non-traditional exports to the Chinese market. However, China has thus far shown little interest outside of the mining sector in both countries. In light of these three points, these FTAs with China defy standing explanations for why developing countries would commit to the implementation of a bilateral FTA with a major economic power.