Política fiscal y sostenibilidad de la deuda pública en tiempo de crisis: análisis de la experiencia peruana (2000-2023)
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Date
2025-02
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Universidad del Pacífico
Abstract
El Perú mantenía una regla fiscal de no exceder una deuda pública que represente el 30% del PBI y mantener un déficit fiscal no mayor al 1% del PBI. Sin embargo, la crisis generada por la pandemia del COVID-19 en 2020 obligó al país a flexibilizar estos límites debido a la necesidad de aplicar políticas fiscales expansivas para mitigar sus efectos económicos y sociales. A parte del COVID-19, en los últimos 20 años el Perú ha enfrentado diversas crisis, tanto globales como internas, lo que ha requerido una constante adaptación de su política fiscal. Este estudio analiza cómo las políticas fiscales implementadas en tiempos de crisis han impactado en la sostenibilidad de la deuda pública entre 2000 y 2023. Para ello, se examinan cuatro tipos de crisis: la crisis financiera global de 2008-2009, la pandemia del COVID-19, la inestabilidad política y las crisis generadas por fenómenos naturales. Los resultados evidencian que, si bien estas crisis han llevado a un incremento en la deuda pública, Perú ha logrado mantener su sostenibilidad fiscal gracias a su fortaleza macroeconómica. No obstante, el estudio también advierte que la persistente inestabilidad política representa un riesgo para la sostenibilidad de la deuda en el mediano y largo plazo.
Peru maintained a fiscal rule of not exceeding a public debt level of 30% of GDP and keeping the fiscal deficit below 1% of GDP. However, the crisis caused by the COVID- 19 pandemic in 2020 forced the country to relax these limits due to the need for expansionary fiscal policies to mitigate its economic and social effects. Beyond COVID-19, over the past 20 years, Peru has faced various crises, both global and domestic, requiring continuous adjustments to its fiscal policy. This study analyzes how fiscal policies implemented during times of crisis have impacted the sustainability of public debt between 2000 and 2023. To achieve this, four types of crises are examined: the 2008-2009 global financial crisis, the COVID-19 pandemic, political instability, and crises triggered by natural disasters. The findings show that while these crises have led to an increase in public debt, Peru has managed to maintain fiscal sustainability thanks to its macroeconomic strength. However, the study also warns that persistent political instability poses a risk to debt sustainability in the medium and long term.
Peru maintained a fiscal rule of not exceeding a public debt level of 30% of GDP and keeping the fiscal deficit below 1% of GDP. However, the crisis caused by the COVID- 19 pandemic in 2020 forced the country to relax these limits due to the need for expansionary fiscal policies to mitigate its economic and social effects. Beyond COVID-19, over the past 20 years, Peru has faced various crises, both global and domestic, requiring continuous adjustments to its fiscal policy. This study analyzes how fiscal policies implemented during times of crisis have impacted the sustainability of public debt between 2000 and 2023. To achieve this, four types of crises are examined: the 2008-2009 global financial crisis, the COVID-19 pandemic, political instability, and crises triggered by natural disasters. The findings show that while these crises have led to an increase in public debt, Peru has managed to maintain fiscal sustainability thanks to its macroeconomic strength. However, the study also warns that persistent political instability poses a risk to debt sustainability in the medium and long term.
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Keywords
Política fiscal--Perú, Deuda pública--Perú, Crisis económica--Perú, Economía
Citation
Pizarro Arteaga, D. J. (2025). Política fiscal y sostenibilidad de la deuda pública en tiempo de crisis: análisis de la experiencia peruana (2000-2023) [Trabajo de suficiencia profesional, Universidad del Pacífico]. Repositorio de la Universidad del Pacífico. https://hdl.handle.net/11354/6098