La excepcionalidad como regla: análisis constitucional y convencional de la prolongación del estado de emergencia nacional por COVID-19 en el Perú
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Date
2026-06
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Universidad del Pacífico
Abstract
La pandemia por COVID-19 marcó un hito en la historia reciente, cuyo impacto nos recuerda la complejidad de los escenarios de crisis sanitaria global. En el Perú, el Estado de Emergencia Nacional, dictado inicialmente por quince días ante la aparición de los primeros contagios en marzo de 2020, fue prorrogado hasta acumular 956 días ininterrumpidos. Esta investigación aborda la desnaturalización jurídica de dicho régimen a través de un análisis constitucional y convencional, enfocándose críticamente en la prolongación de la medida durante el denominado tercer bloque de decretos supremos. Metodológicamente, este estudio sistematiza una lista de ocho características – clasificadas en transversales, facultativas y de control – para evaluar los poderes de emergencia en el ordenamiento peruano. Mediante este estándar, se examina el problema central de la normalización de la emergencia, fenómeno que ha convertido una herramienta de excepción en una técnica ordinaria de gestión gubernamental. El análisis realizado revela una insostenible contradicción fáctica y normativa: mientras el discurso estatal alegaba una grave circunstancia que afectaba la vida y salud de las personas para continuar con la prórroga del estado de emergencia, las medidas adoptadas flexibilizaban los aforos y las actividades sociales. Asimismo, se demuestra un severo déficit de motivación y una preocupante aplicación de los mecanismos de control de los poderes de emergencia. De esta forma, este trabajo aporta un modelo analítico para la fiscalización académica, social y jurídica de los estados de emergencia en el Perú, consolidándose como una herramienta de protección frente a los riesgos de la normalización de los estados de emergencia.
The COVID-19 pandemic marked a milestone in recent history, the impact of which serves as a reminder of the complexity of global health crisis scenarios. In Peru, the National State of Emergency – initially declared for fifteen days following the first cases of the disease in March 2020 – was extended until it had lasted a total of 956 consecutive days. This research examines the legal distortion of this regimen through a constitutional and treaty-based analysis of the American Convention of Human Rights, focusing on the extension of the measure during the so-called third block of decrees. This study systematized a list of eight characteristics – classified as cross-cutting, discretionary and control-related – to evaluate emergency powers within the Peruvian legal system. Using this standard, the study examines the central problem of the normalization of the emergency – a phenomenon that has transformed an exceptional mechanism into an ordinary tool of government management. The analysis reveals a factual and normative inconsistency: while the state’s discourse cited an extraordinary danger to justify continuing the extension of the state of emergency, the measures adopted relaxed capacity limits and allowed for social activities. Furthermore, the study demonstrates a severe lack of legal grounds and a troubling application of mechanisms to control emergency powers. Therefore, this study provides an analytical model for the academic, social and legal oversight of states of emergency in Peru, establishing itself as a tool for protection against the risks of the normalization of states of emergency.
The COVID-19 pandemic marked a milestone in recent history, the impact of which serves as a reminder of the complexity of global health crisis scenarios. In Peru, the National State of Emergency – initially declared for fifteen days following the first cases of the disease in March 2020 – was extended until it had lasted a total of 956 consecutive days. This research examines the legal distortion of this regimen through a constitutional and treaty-based analysis of the American Convention of Human Rights, focusing on the extension of the measure during the so-called third block of decrees. This study systematized a list of eight characteristics – classified as cross-cutting, discretionary and control-related – to evaluate emergency powers within the Peruvian legal system. Using this standard, the study examines the central problem of the normalization of the emergency – a phenomenon that has transformed an exceptional mechanism into an ordinary tool of government management. The analysis reveals a factual and normative inconsistency: while the state’s discourse cited an extraordinary danger to justify continuing the extension of the state of emergency, the measures adopted relaxed capacity limits and allowed for social activities. Furthermore, the study demonstrates a severe lack of legal grounds and a troubling application of mechanisms to control emergency powers. Therefore, this study provides an analytical model for the academic, social and legal oversight of states of emergency in Peru, establishing itself as a tool for protection against the risks of the normalization of states of emergency.
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Estado de excepción--Aspectos legales--Perú, Derecho y COVID-19--Perú, Derecho constitucional--Perú, Derechos humanos--Perú, Derecho
Citation
Tafur Sialer, A. del P. (2026). La excepcionalidad como regla: análisis constitucional y convencional de la prolongación del estado de emergencia nacional por COVID-19 en el Perú [Tesis, Universidad del Pacífico]. Repositorio de la Universidad del Pacífico. https://hdl.handle.net/11354/7292