Estudio comparado de la minería informal/ilegal en zonas alto andinas y amazónicas en el Perú
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Date
2025
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Universidad del Pacífico. Centro de Estudios sobre Minería y Sostenibilidad
Abstract
El estudio analiza las dinámicas, impactos y desafíos de la Minería Artesanal y de Pequeña Escala (MAPE) en cinco territorios emblemáticos: Pataz, Cotabambas y Chumbivilcas en los Andes, y Cenepa y Puerto Inca en la Amazonía. A partir de revisión documental, trabajo de campo cualitativo, entrevistas a actores clave y análisis normativo, se muestra que la MAPE adopta configuraciones heterogéneas según el contexto territorial, la fortaleza de las organizaciones comunales y la presencia estatal. En los Andes predomina la articulación con estructuras comunales relativamente sólidas y tensiones centradas en la gestión territorial y la distribución de beneficios; en la Amazonía destaca la expansión reciente de la minería aluvial mecanizada, con mayor fragmentación organizativa, débil presencia estatal y mayores riesgos de captura por economías ilícitas. Los hallazgos evidencian las limitaciones del modelo vigente de formalización (en particular el REINFO), la insuficiencia de las estrategias de fiscalización ambiental y la necesidad de políticas diferenciadas que reconozcan la diversidad de trayectorias mineras, fortalezcan el rol de las comunidades en la gobernanza de la actividad y articulen seguridad, protección ambiental y desarrollo territorial como ejes de intervención del Estado.
The study analyzes the dynamics, impacts, and challenges of Artisanal and Small-Scale Mining (MAPE, by its Spanish acronym) in five emblematic territories: Pataz, Cotabambas, and Chumbivilcas in the Andes, and Cenepa and Puerto Inca in the Amazon. Drawing on desk research, qualitative fieldwork, interviews with key stakeholders, and regulatory analysis, the findings show that MAPE adopts heterogeneous configurations depending on the territorial context, the strength of community organizations, and the presence of the State. In the Andean regions, MAPE is mainly articulated with relatively solid communal structures, with tensions focused on territorial management and the distribution of benefits. In the Amazon, the recent expansion of mechanized alluvial mining stands out, characterized by greater organizational fragmentation, weak state presence, and higher risks of capture by illicit economies. The findings highlight the limitations of the current formalization framework (particularly REINFO), the insufficiency of environmental enforcement strategies, and the need for differentiated policies that recognize the diversity of mining trajectories, strengthen the role of communities in the governance of mining activity, and integrate security, environmental protection, and territorial development as core pillars of state intervention.
The study analyzes the dynamics, impacts, and challenges of Artisanal and Small-Scale Mining (MAPE, by its Spanish acronym) in five emblematic territories: Pataz, Cotabambas, and Chumbivilcas in the Andes, and Cenepa and Puerto Inca in the Amazon. Drawing on desk research, qualitative fieldwork, interviews with key stakeholders, and regulatory analysis, the findings show that MAPE adopts heterogeneous configurations depending on the territorial context, the strength of community organizations, and the presence of the State. In the Andean regions, MAPE is mainly articulated with relatively solid communal structures, with tensions focused on territorial management and the distribution of benefits. In the Amazon, the recent expansion of mechanized alluvial mining stands out, characterized by greater organizational fragmentation, weak state presence, and higher risks of capture by illicit economies. The findings highlight the limitations of the current formalization framework (particularly REINFO), the insufficiency of environmental enforcement strategies, and the need for differentiated policies that recognize the diversity of mining trajectories, strengthen the role of communities in the governance of mining activity, and integrate security, environmental protection, and territorial development as core pillars of state intervention.
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Keywords
Minería artesanal e ilegal--Perú--Región Andina, Minería artesanal e ilegal--Perú--Amazonía
Citation
Hernando, D. (2025). Estudio comparado de la minería informal/ilegal en zonas alto andinas y amazónicas en el Perú. (Documento de trabajo; No. 8). Universidad del Pacífico, Centro de Estudios sobre Minería y Sostenibilidad. https://hdl.handle.net/11354/6422